What Is a Lock Solenoid?
Electronic door locks are a way to replace keys or to add additional automation
features, like remote locking or unlocking. Although most commonly found on cars, many cutting-edge security providers are
offering electronic door locks for homes and businesses.
Types of door locks
In any type of door lock, a latch or bolt is made to cross the opening between the side of the door and the doorframe,
preventing access. This can be a “spring bolt,” which is held in place by springs and allows the door to close (but not
reopen) when locked, or the more secure “dead bolt,” which stays in place until manually unlocked. In both cases, locking
and unlocking is achieved by rotating the visible element (a knob or a key in a lock cylinder) to move the bolt or latch.
Traditional key locks use some variation of the “pin and tumbler” method, in which the lock cylinder is held in place
with a line of small metal pins, each of which consists of an upper and lower half. When a key is inserted and turned, the
uneven “serrated” edge ensures that each pin is moved a certain distance. The cylinder may be turned only when each pin is
moved just enough to create a straight separation between the upper and lower halves of all pins. There are also novel locks
as
fingerprint door lock.
Electronic lock also involves parts called “actuators,” which connect
the bolt or the cylinder to a small motor completely buried within the door or frame itself. The motor is controlled by an
electrical impulse, which may be triggered in a number of ways: by an electronic card reader, by a keypad or by a wireless
remote control sensor. Either way, the electronic door lock, functioning as a
door
release, is configured to start the motor-driven actuator only once it has received the correct electronic input.
A
lock solenoid is a type of electric locking mechanism that uses an
electro
magnetic lock device containing a tightly wound coil of metal wire
called a solenoid to provide the mechanical energy that opens and closes the lock. Solenoid locks are often used as door
locks and are also used to lock other things, such as cabinets or drawers. They are especially common for doors that are
locked and unlocked remotely, such as the main doors of many apartment complexes or situations where security is a particular
concern.
The essential component of a lock solenoid is a length of insulated copper wire connected to a source of electrical
current. The wire is coiled around a long, frequently cylinder-shaped core made of iron or some other ferromagnetic material
that is positioned so that it can move nearer to or farther away from the center of the coil when force is applied to it.
When electrical current passes through the wire, it generates a magnetic field that moves the core, turning electrical energy
into mechanical energy and producing linear motion. This allows the solenoid to open or close the bolt in the lock.
Solenoid locks have several features that can make them desirable in many applications. Unlike purely mechanical locks, a
lock solenoid with
power supply can open and close
without needing a human to be physically present to operate it, making it useful for locks that receive instructions to open
and close from a separate location or that do so automatically according to a preset timer or signals from sensor equipment
without direct human input. They can also be designed to be unlocked by things other than a physical key, such as a password;
a signal from a radio-frequency identification device or personal digital assistant; or biometric data such as fingerprints,
voice prints, or retinal scanning.
Another useful feature is that, depending on the design of the lock solenoid, the core can be positioned so that
activating the electrical current either pushes the core outward, throwing the bolt and shutting the lock, or polls the core
inward to open the lock. A lock that uses a magnetic field to close the lock, sometimes with
card reader, will automatically open in the event of failure, or "fail
open,” while a lock that uses the magnetic field to open the lock will do the opposite and “fail closed.”
This is a useful attribute of solenoids and an important design consideration, because it determines how the lock will
react in the event of equipment failure or loss of electrical power. For example, lock solenoids used on the doors of
businesses or residences will usually be designed to fail open so that in the event of a dangerous event that causes power
failure, such as a fire in the building, people will be able to escape the building unobstructed. On the other hand, in the
case of some solenoid locks, such as locks on a vault, a safe, or a cabinet containing money, valuables, or other potential
targets of theft such as sensitive government or business information, it is more desirable for the lock to fail closed so
that a power loss does not leave them suddenly vulnerable.