Desuperheater Application Best Practices
Desuperheater Application Best Practices
An ever-increasing need for steam at specific temperatures and pressures exists in many modern plants. Fortunately,
significant improvements have been made to increase operational thermal efficiency and heat rates by the precise, coordinated
control of the temperature, pressure and quality of this steam. But, much of the steam produced in power and process plants
today is not at the required conditions for each application, so conditioning is required, often by a
desuperheater system.
The sizing, selection, application, installation and maintenance of the proper desuperheating and steam-conditioning
equipment, including control valves, is therefore critical to optimum performance. This article will discuss superheaters and
associated control valves in detail, but first I will look at common applications and issues in affected industries.
Power Industry
Competing in the modern power market requires a heavy emphasis on the ability to utilize multiple operating strategies.
Increased cyclical operation, daily start-stop and faster ramp rates are required to ensure full-load operation, particularly
at daily peak hours, and to maximize profit and plant availability. Changes resulting from environmental regulations and
economics also are combining to alter the face of power production.
At the same time, these changes are affecting the operation of existing power plants and the design of future plants.
Advanced plant designs include requirements for increased operating temperatures and pressures along with stringent noise
limitations in urban areas. Steam is used throughout power plants in many ways, from driving to turbines to feedwater
heaters.
Hydrocarbon and Petrochemical Industries
Hydrocarbon and petrochemical industries rely on the efficient conversion of low cost feedstock to high profit products.
Hydrocrackers, furnaces, distillation columns, reactors and other process units must be designed to meet a range of
conditions to accommodate various modes of plant operation. Temperature is a critical factor that must be taken into
consideration during the design of each process unit, and it must be controlled precisely to optimize each operation.
Temperature is controlled in many ways in these plants. The most common method is through the use of heat exchangers and
process steam. Process steam must be conditioned to a point near saturation before it is transformed into a medium that is
more efficient for heat transfer. The proper selection of equipment will ensure optimum plant availability, reliability and
profitability.
Other process industries such as mining, pulp and paper, life sciences and food and beverage experience reliability
issues caused by steam-conditioning challenges. These industries also use steam for motive force and heat transfer.
Desuperheater Basics
A schematic of a typical desuperheating system is shown in figure 1. A typical system consists of four main components:
Control valve.
Desuperheater.
Temperature transmitters.
Spray-water strainer.
When specifying a desuperheater, it is advisable to consult with the
manufacturer
because most desuperheater suppliers have multiple models from which to choose. Critical parameters (figure 2) include:
Spray-water temperature.
Spray-water pressure.
Initial steam superheat temperature.
Final steam superheat temperature.
Minimum steam velocity.
Maximum steam velocity.
Pipeline size.
Downstream straight-pipe length.
Steam-pipe liner.
Orientation.
While each components affects operation, a note on orientation is warranted. Orientation can affect the speed of
vaporization. Horizontal installations are most common, but vertical flow-up installations perform slightly better because of
the positive effect of gravity. Vertical flow-down pipes perform less efficiently because of the negative effect of gravity,
which reduces residence time.
Details of the actual control of a desuperheater are beyond the scope of this article; however, suffice it to say that
pressure, temperature and flow sensors feed data to a control system that adjusts the spray-water control valve to deal with
changing conditions.
Control Valve Considerations
When a desuperheating system is purchased, often each component will be specified and purchased separately. In other
words, the desuperheater will be purchased from one vendor, the
control valve
from another and so on. Unless the process plant has an extensive expertise in the design of superheating systems —
not often the case — this approach is problematic due to the complexity of these systems.
The reasons are:
There is generally a turndown specification for the system that needs to be met. The control valve has a turndown ratio,
the desuperheater has a turndown ratio and the combination of the two has a completely different turndown ratio. Therefore,
sizing and selection are critical to ensuring system performance is met.
Different desuperheater designs will have different differential pressure (dP) requirements across the nozzles. The
control valve differential pressure must be coordinated with the differential pressure across the desuperheater nozzles to
ensure system performance is met.
If there is a high differential pressure across the control valve — when a high pressure source is used to spray water
into a low pressure steam line, for instance — cavitation can occur in the valve. The proper anti-cavitation trim must be
installed in the control valve to suppress cavitation. If not, it is possible to have a cavitating pressure drop across the
desuperheater nozzle, with catastrophic damage resulting, and potentially sending eroded desuperheater components into
downstream equipment.
A desuperheater nozzle has a specific flow coefficient (Cv). A control valve also has a range of flow coefficients based
on its design. The flow coefficient for the valve and desuperheater must be matched so that overall system flow coefficient
is optimized.
It presents results in the
thermal energy recovery system
(TERS) investigation, and the possibility of introducing them to production vehicles as subsystems. This prospective
new technology should reduce dependence on fossil fuels. One of the TERS systems' research objectives is to create a
sustainable, electrical power source, suitable for the energy to be stored and later used in the electrical vehicle driving
mode (EV)1. It will also lower the impact on the environment by reducing fuel consumption through the application of
automotive thermoelectric generators (ATEG) instead of classical alternators that convert mechanical energy to electrical.
Pressure reducer and desuperheater system
(PRDS) is used for Steam Conditioning Services for reduction of pressure and temperature of steam. Suitably designed pressure
reducing valve installed on superheated steam line, reduces steam pressure to desired operating pressure. The steam
temperature is reduced close to saturation by injecting water into high velocity steam by controlled water flow through water
control valve and often injected into the steam where steam velocity and turbulence are at their highest, which gives quick
and efficient cooling. The purpose of this project is to optimize the Pressure reducing and desuperheating system to overcome
the current losses such as valve leakage, gland leakage and header leakage.